PREDATION
Adults Predominate toad predators include nocturnal mammals, particularly raccoons and skunks, and a variety of snakes including: garter (Thamnophis s. sirtalis), hognose (Heteroden platyrhinos), and water snakes (Nerodia s. sipedon). Toads employ anti-predator defenses including camouflage, escape by burrowing, ejection of urine, and noxious or toxic skin secretions released from enlarged parotid glands and warty skin (Knox 1999). The secretions are mainly cardiotoxic steroids which some mammalian predators (including domestic dogs painfully learn to avoid